Application Software free essay sample

Programming Managing Information Systems David Khuong National American University Author Note This paper was set up for Managing Information Systems, Course ID: MT3500/CI3510, instructed by Dr. Kim Eastern LP2 Assignment: Applications Software The three essential highlights usually utilized applications programming that will be summed up in this paper are close to home application programming, workgroup application programming, and endeavor application programming. Individual Application Software’s 1) Word handling; makes, alter and print text archives. I. e. , Microsoft word, Corel WordPerfect, Google Docs, Apple Pages and Sun Writer. 2) Spreadsheet; gives a wide scope of inherent capacities for factual, money related, coherent, database, designs, and date and time figurings. I. e. , Microsoft Excel, IBM Lotus 1-2-3, Google Spreadsheet, Apple Numbers and Sun Calc. 3) Database; stores, control, and recover information. I. e. , Microsoft Access, IBM Lotus Approach, Borland dBASE, and Sun Base. 4) Graphics; create charts, outlines, and drawings. I. e. , Adobe Illustrator and Adobe FreeHand. 5) Project the executives; plans, plan, allot, and control individuals and assets expected to finish an undertaking as per plan. We will compose a custom article test on Application Software or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page 6) Financial administration; gives pay and cost following and answering to screen and plan spending plans. I. e. , Intuit Quicken. ) Desktop distributing; use with PCs and high-goals printers to make excellent printed yield, including text and designs, different styles of pages can be spread out; craftsmanship and text records from different projects can likewise be incorporated into distributed pages. I. e. , Quark Xpress, Microsoft Publisher, Adobe PageMaker, Corel Ventura Publisher, and Apple Pages. Workgroup Application Software Support neighborhood and global cooperation and uses groupware; programming that helps gatherings of individuals cooperate all the more adequately. Groupware is characterized by Ernst amp; Young’s rules â€Å"Three Cs†. * Convenient; if it’s too difficult to even think about using, it’s not utilized; it ought to be as simple to use as the phone. * Content; it must give a steady stream of rich, important, and customized content. * Coverage; in the event that it isn’t advantageously available, it may never be utilized. Venture Application Software * Software created to profit the whole association. * (ERP) Enterprise asset arranging programming; set of incorporated projects that deal with a company’s basic business activities for a national and global association. Application programming is indispensable for data Decision Support, and Specialized Purposes. Generally speaking the application programming applies the intensity of the PC to take care of issues and perform explicit undertakings all through the association from individual, nearby to worldwide level. References Fundamentals of In formation Systems, Sixth Edition. Part 2, Hardware and Software. Recovered from: https://on the web. national. edu/d2l/lms/content/watcher/main_frame. d2l? ou=20924amp;tId=921805

Week 5 Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Week 5 Journal - Essay Example Every one of these nations have the most noteworthy number of Muslims. Practically 70% of the populace in the host nations comprises of Muslims (Cordesman, 2015). Since ISIL targets transforming the world into an Islamic State, it targets such nations for simple radicalization, strict and political control, and abolishment of popular government. Since it is predominant in Syria and Iraq, it can control most government tasks through its association in legislative issues, practical maters; oil issues, and strict issues (Laub and Masters, 2015). This gives a marker that these two governments in a single manner or the other help ISIL’s activities. It is realized that most governments in the Middle East don't care for America’s contribution in its issues; it acknowledges ISIL’s obstruction against America and in this way unobtrusively reserves it. Notwithstanding, while other fear based oppressor associations exclusively depend on budgetary systems from supporters, ISIL gets its riches from oil deals, duties, and coercion. Nonetheless, consequently, it establishments request, which incorporate rebuffing the individuals who conflict with the Islamic religion, and shields local people from the Assad and Maliki systems (Tabler, 2014). It is dubious on how ISIL works in its host nations. This is on the grounds that it secured by ideological groups and other administrative organs, which make its activities imperceptible to whoever attempts to battle it. In any case, it must be realized that ISIL is a fear based oppressor association battled against by most governments. Truth be told, it has been recommended that the gatherings can be cleared out by Iran, as a transition to assist Iraq with understanding its own way. Cordesman Anthony H. (2015, May 1). The First Inspector General Report on the Fight Against ISIL: A Public Relations Exercise Without Meaningful Transparency. Community for Strategic and International Studies. Recovered Jun 7, 2015 from: http://csis.org/records/distribution/150501_commentary.pdf. Tabler Andrew J. (2014, Aug 11). ISIL Could

Classifying a Condition as a Phobia Versus Panic Disorder

Classifying a Condition as a Phobia Versus Panic Disorder Panic Disorder Related Conditions Print The Differences Between Phobia and Panic Disorder By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 16, 2019 BSIP / UIG / Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Related Conditions Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Coping Many people confuse panic disorder and phobias, believing that these two conditions are the same. It is undeniable that panic disorder and phobias share similar symptoms, including intense fear, feelings of anxiety, and panic attacks. Both conditions can involve difficult symptoms that can tremendously impact one’s relationships, career, and other responsibilities and goals. Additionally, according to information found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5), both conditions are classified as “anxiety disorders.” But panic disorder and phobias are considered separate conditions, each with a distinct set of diagnostic criteria. What Is a Phobia? A phobia is defined as a  relentless fear of a certain object or situation. The fear associated with a phobia goes beyond just feelings of dislike or discomfort. A person with a phobia is severely afraid of the object or situation, far beyond any threat of danger it presents. For example, many people have an aversion to spiders, but a person who has a fear of spiders (arachnophobia), will go to great lengths to steer clear of spiders and may even behave in ways that others perceive as unreasonable if they encounter one. Phobia sufferers may recognize that their fear is excessive and irrational, but often feel unable to control their apprehension. Avoidance behaviors are common, as the phobic is determined to stay away from her specific fear. If forced to face the feared object or situation, the person will experience marked distress and anxiety. Common symptoms of phobias include accelerated heart rate, shaking, feelings of terror, and a tremendous need to get away from the object or situation. Put an End to Panic-Related Avoidance Categories of Phobias As outlined in the DSM, phobias fall into one of three main categories: Specific phobiasSocial phobias (social anxiety disorder)Agoraphobia Specific Phobias Specific phobias involve a fear of a particular object or situation. Common specific phobias include a fear of particular situations (e.g., heights, flying, elevators), medical circumstances (e.g., blood, needles, dentists), nature/environmental influences (e.g., water, tornadoes, earthquakes), or animals (e.g., snakes, dogs, bees). Social Phobias Social phobias entail an excessive fear of being embarrassed or negatively evaluated in a social situation. A person with a social phobia will avoid doing activities in public, such as speaking, in which they would at risk of being judged by others. Agoraphobia Agoraphobia  may similarly involve a fear of being embarrassed, however, the person is afraid of having a panic attack in a place or situation in which it would be embarrassing and/or difficult to flee from. The symptoms of agoraphobia typically lead to further limitations in ones life such as avoiding driving, crowds, or large open spaces. Panic Disorder and Specific Phobias Panic attacks and panic-like symptoms, such as trembling, shortness of breath, and excessive sweating, are typical symptoms of both panic disorder and phobias. However, these symptoms are triggered differently for each condition. People who have a phobia will experience panic and anxiety when thinking about or being exposed to their fear. Panic disorder sufferers, on the other hand, are not generally triggered by a specific fear. People with panic disorder experience panic attacks suddenly and unexpectedly. People with panic disorder often must cope with a fear of when their next panic attack will strike. It is also possible to have a co-occurring diagnosis of both a specific phobia and panic disorder. Panic Disorder Heart palpitations or accelerated heart rate Excessive sweating, trembling or shaking Shortness of breath or smothering sensations Sudden and unexpected recurring panic attacks Fear of when next attack will strike Phobias Dizziness, trembling, and increased heart rate Breathlessness A sense of unreality Extreme, irrational fear of situation, living creature, place, or object Panic when thinking about or being exposed to irrational fear Co-Occurring Panic Disorder and Depression Treatment Options Both panic disorder and phobias are complex conditions that can only be diagnosed by a qualified mental health provider. If you suspect that you are suffering from either or both of these conditions, make an appointment to discuss your symptoms with your doctor. She will be able to assist you in receiving an accurate diagnosis, treatment, and referrals when necessary. The treatment options available for phobias are similar to those for panic disorder. Most people diagnosed with a phobia will choose a combination of psychotherapy, medication, and self-help techniques to help in managing their symptoms. Psychotherapy can assist in a variety of ways including developing coping strategies, although medications are more likely to be a component of lowering the intensity of fear and anxiety, and self-help techniques can be beneficial in managing everyday stress, medication options may help lower the intensity of fear and anxiety, and self-help techniques can be beneficial in managing everyday stress. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Small Scale Entreprise in Nigeria Issues and Prospects

1.Introduction Small Scale Enterprises (SSEs) have played and continue to play significant roles in the growth, development and industrialisation of many economies the world over. In Nigeria, the SSEs have performed below expectation due to a combination of problems. This situation has been of great concern to the government, citizenry, practitioners, operators and the organised private sector groups. Small businesses are generally regarded as the driving force of economic growth, job creation, and poverty reduction in developing countries. They have been the means through which accelerated economic growth and rapid industrialization have been achieved (Harris and Gibson, 2006; Sauser, 2005; Arinaitwe, 2002; Kiggundu, 2002; Monk,†¦show more content†¦While the absolute figures involved in the definition of these enterprises may differ, there are some underlying similarities in the concept used in the definitions. The following are common measures of defining SSE. †¢ Number of people employed: The number of people varies from country to country. In Uganda the figure is put to between 5-50. In India, the figure is that between 30-100. In the United States, small enterprises are those which employ less than 500 people. In Kenya business with 10 or fewer workers are called micro enterprises. †¢ Capital employed: The number of people employed may not be a good indicator especially if the industry is labour intensive. This is true in countries like India where there is a labour intensive approach to industrialisation as a policy. In some cases trading organisations can transact huge sums of business worth transactions and yet they employ a few people. Consequently, capital employed is at times used as a measure of defining small business. In Uganda there is no proper agreement as to the capital employed though a figure ranging between US$5,000 to US$50,000 is a reasonable estimate. The Uganda Investment Authority has put this figure to now Shs.50 million (about US$50,000). The Ministry of Industry however had indicated a figure of an investment not exceeding US$300,000. This figure

Developing Systems and Desk Checking of the Programs Free Essay Example, 2750 words

Mr. Bruce Schnieder, the owner of A A Office Supplies Company, had contacted you for your pieces of advice on a new information system installed recently at his company to help to improve his company inventory tasks. He told you that the team that came to install the system does not have any evaluation mechanism and he also mentioned to you that some of his employees had complained about the new system s inputs and outputs. Since he wants to obtain the inventory result of this quarter, he would like to delay or skip the new system evaluation and use the new system for inventory right away. Given the above conditions, he would like to have your bits of advice on his decision and on the evaluation of his new system. In case of new technology-based system implementation at the Mr. Bruce Schnieder s A A Office Supplies Company, we will require an effective evaluation mechanism for the system testing. Before, the installation team has not established some effective evaluation mechanism t hat has created a lot of problems. In case of new system implementation the system working and performance need to be tested against some specified criteria. We will write a custom essay sample on Developing Systems and Desk Checking of the Programs or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Points of Machiavelli in “The Prince” Free Essays

Part 15 of Machiavelli’s The Prince, entitled Of the Things for WhichMen, and Especially Princes, Are Praised or Blamed, states that, in order for aman to maintain control of a government and better that territory, he mustengage in certain actions that may be deemed immoral by the public he serves. Machiavelli argues a valid point, that the nature of man is twofold,encompassing good and evil, right and wrong. The effectiveness of his argument,however, relies on the fact that the person reading his essay is an objectiveobserver of human nature. We will write a custom essay sample on Points of Machiavelli in â€Å"The Prince† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not leaving this to chance, Machiavelli plays apsychological game with the reader in order to convince them of his argument. Machiavelli prefaces his thesis with commentary that attempts to placethe reader in a subordinate state-of-mind. He confesses to the reader that hefears sounding presumptuous for writing about a subject covered many timesbefore by others and differing from their opinion in the matter. This statementplaces the author at the mercy of the reader and prepares them to hear an ideathat may not be popular. Having been asked forgiveness for the pride of theauthor, the reader drops barriers that he may have against arguments driven byego and opens his mind to Machiavelli on a personal, sincere level. By placinghimself at the feet of the reader, Machiavelli puts himself and his argument ina position of power. He wastes no time in using this power to gain more controlover the reader. In the next sentence he states that his intention is to createan outline for behavior in public office † of use to those who understand†. Thisstatement compels the reader to agree with the points that the trustworthy,forthright Machiavelli argues, or be relegated the ranks of those ignorantdullards that do not understand. Machiavelli then presents his thesis, that aruler must use both good and evil in order to maintain his power over the state. The reader has almost no choice but to accept this idea before any proof hasbeen given. With the reader in the palm of his hand, Machiavelli needs only tomake a very general argument of his point to convince the reader of its validity. The author states that there are actions for which a prince is eitherpraised or blamed. He lists many examples of good qualities and their opposingattitudes. Instead of labeling them good and evil, however, Machiavelli titlesthem imaginary and real. By calling the good traits and the leader who possessesthem imaginary, he removes the bite that the mention of evil doing may have onthe reader. Removing this emotional punch makes his thesis, that evil behavioris necessary to properly rule, obvious. Machiavelli applies the rules he sets out for successful management of anation to his own writing. He is cautious not to offend the reader with a statement that is too specific. He manipulates the mind of the reader in orderto quell his emotions and make him more accepting of his opinion. He seems weakwhen he is most powerful and seems powerful when he has no legs to stand on. Heis cautious and polite when his foe’s defenses are up and attacks with all ofhis resources at his foe’s weaknesses. Machiavelli writes a strongly convincing essay. The proof for his opinion lies not only in the words he speaks but in the flow and believability of the work itself through the utilization of the very techniques he exhorts. How to cite Points of Machiavelli in â€Å"The Prince†, Essay examples

Computing Stories Live

Question: Select two computing stories from the Live News exercise you fulfil in each weeks tutorial. Using Actor Network Theory as your primary tool for analysis, at a minimum: Describe the scales on which the actants in your stories act in the assemblage Discuss how these actions can enhance management functions Outline what issues/questions these actions raise. To achieve this, compare and contrast the viewpoints of a range of theorists and critics explored throughout the module. Conclude by summarising how your answers relate to the statement Contemporary computing can be seen as an assemblage. Answer: Introduction This report is on Contemporary computing can be seen as an assemblage. It means that how new and latest technologies can be used incorporated with the technologies that are present in the market. The two stories that is been discussed in this report is on cloud computing and data center. Both the technologies are latest and have become very famous in the industry. The first story is about Amazon dominating the cloud-computing sector. Many organizations are working to develop cloud computing but Amazon is one of the dominant suppliers in cloud services. It is due to the open model of Amazon. Amazon has a very clear understanding of the concept. The second story is about the partnership between Cisco and Microsoft. Both the organizations are well established in their field. They have decided to assimilate their technologies so that they can develop better cloud and data center services. A three-year long contract has been signed among these companies. In this duration, they are going t o focus on the topic of cloud computing and data center. Both the stories have cloud computing as a common factor. Cloud computing is one of the fastest growing technology in the world (Kshetri, 2010). Most of the organizations are implementing this service in their system. It is because it saves a lot of money and helps in remote administration. Story 1 Amazon Dominating Cloud World Amazon has been dominating in the cloud world for quite some time and it seems that it is still going to hold on to the reign. In any case Amazons hybrid cloud, data sovereignty, security and administration and bolster implies a development that could help it hold its lead. Amazon's need has for the most part been to give able cloud benefits that simply work, with astonishingly clean API plans, which particularly on offerings like EC2 do not make numerous suspicions about which working framework, programming dialect, or application stack you want to utilize. This implies there is a nice chance you can send the applications and frameworks that you as of now have today, with maybe a little modification, straightforwardly on Amazon's cloud. If anyone needs to optimize for the recent or latest cloud platforms, architectures, technical capabilities, enterprise needs; they always turn to Amazon for services (Halligan et al., 2009). The open model that is been used by Amazon is very succes sful. Amazons way to deal with the cloud is to plan relentless administrations that are straightforward, produce for, keep up, and regulate in operations. Nevertheless, attention to quite a while back, a standout amongst the most alluring targets of cloud computing is to have the capacity to consistently move workloads between suppliers. This offers a clothing rundown of vital advantages, including moving the following workload to the least expensive current supplier, dealing with the danger of sole sourcing, and putting individual workloads where they will perform the best, say topographically or in view of an agreeability profile. The Reason Behind Amazons Dominance Amazon can command the cloud computing market later on essentially in light of the fact that they work the greatest distributed computing limit on the planet. On the off chance that you assemble, the main 15 cloud suppliers you will in any case missed the mark regarding Amazon's cloud space. The intriguing thing is that Amazon is building up some of their cloud answers for over 10 years and it all began as a client orientated advancement endeavors. AWS is the cloud division of Amazon, it serves a mixed bag of client running from new companies like GoSquared and philanthropy associations like Just Giving to a few genuine supporters like ITV, and innovative customers like the music administration called Omnifone. The reason why Amazon is successful in this field is due to the reason that they have a good understanding of the concept. How Cloud Computing Is Efficient For Various Industries Cloud computing is the following stride in innovation development. Numerous examines advance the thought that everything will go up the cloud in the following decade. Envision a PC that works in the cloud and you can get to it from anywhere (Berriman, 2010). One of the greatest issues with this thought is the measure of information that can be put away on the net and that is the reason information pressure is a colossal field of enthusiasm for some product tight clamp business visionaries. The eagerness among associations in regards to distributed computing comes essentially from the focal points it acquires terms of expense (Diva-portal.org, 2015). Because of that reason, analysts more often than not concentrate on the money saving advantages while inquiring about the expense effect of distributed computing on associations. Subsequently, the money saving advantages of distributed computing and their distinctive features are checked on in this area. By and by, as cloud computing is a moderately new innovation, in spite of the considerable number of advancements in this field there are numerous untried situations that convey a key inquiry of expense dangers for depending or notwithstanding outsourcing some movement utilizing the distributed computing administrations. Story 2 Cisco And Microsoft Working Together On Data Center And Cloud Microsoft and CISCO has entered in a 3-year market collaboration to integrate datacenter and cloud services to the organizations or enterprises. The first 2 years of this collaboration will be completely focused on Germany, UK, France, Australia, Canada and US. The deal between the two organizations is to work as a team and focused on migrating Windows 2003 clients to Windows 2012 R2 on the Cisco UCS platform. The two organizations will invest their capital in marketing, sales and engineering. It is also reported that both the companies will assimilate technologies across datacenter and cloud. Cisco will work with Microsoft so that they can sell services in the course of a mutual channel. They are focused on redesigning enterprise datacenter with assimilated products. Microsoft will integrate its services with Cisco so as to focus on private cloud, service provider, server migration and SQL 2014. The association means that the upcoming releases will feature Cisco Application Centric Infrastructure and Cisco InterCloud Fabric integrated into Microsoft cloud services. Data Center: A centralized storage area or repository that can be virtual or physical is known as data center. It is used for storing, disseminating and managing information or data. It is a facility that can be used by anyone to store important and useful data or information. It has their roots in the tremendous PC rooms of the early periods of the registering business. Computer frameworks were perplexing to work and keep up, and obliged an extraordinary situation in which to work. Numerous links were important to interface every one of the parts, and strategies to suit and compose these were conceived. Cloud Computing: The word cloud is used just as a metaphor for Internet. Cloud computing is a new technology that is used by the organizations depends on sharing the resources of the computer. It can be compared to the grid computing (Bowen, Forsheit and Hutchins, 2013). It helps the organizations that have their branches in remote places. The main benefits of using cloud computing are that the organizations using this technology can increase or decrease the computing needs as per the demand (Molen, 2010). It allows the organizations to use the hardware and software judiciously. There are four different type of deployment models present. They are public, hybrid, private and community. How Cloud Computing And Data Center Be Beneficial For Organizations The use of cloud computing can prove beneficial for the organizations. It is a newest technology that has been developed and is easy to implement. It has a capability for improving the quality of the business. Microsoft and Cisco are huge organizations and are well established in their respective fields. Their decision of assimilating their technologies is a good decision. It can be said because both the organizations have many new technologies and knowledge. By incorporating their knowledge and working together, they can enhance the technologies even better. It gives the capacity to numerous clients to team up on activities o r records in the cloud. This point has been repeated and fortify as of late as a noteworthy offering point to organizations. Television ads and print commercials have endeavored to assemble support for distributed computing by offering the thought that representatives can work remotely, yet still effectively through the utilization of the cloud. Cloud computing gives the capacity to get to records from a separation (Marks and Lozano, 2010). This may come as alleviation for the neglectful worker that left his or her archive in work or for organizations that oblige employees to go by giving him/her entrance to these archives from the cloud. Conclusion This report is on the modern technologies used in accordance with the existing technologies. Two stories from the computing world have been discussed in this report. Both the story has cloud computing as a common factor. The first story is about Amazon dominance in the cloud-computing world and the second story is on the partnership between Microsoft and Cisco. All the organizations mentioned in the stories are in the race to develop better service in the area of cloud. Cloud computing has become one of the fastest and famous technology to be used. References Basar, B. (2010). Cloud Computing.CON, 22(7), pp.414-416. Berriman, B. (2010). Cloud computing in the age of data-intensive science.SPIE Newsroom. Bowen, J., Forsheit, T. and Hutchins, J. (2013).Cloud computing, 2013. New York, N.Y.: Practising Law Institute. Diva-portal.org, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:728880/FULLTEXT02 [Accessed 24 Jul. 2015]. Furht, B. and Escalante, A. (2010).Handbook of cloud computing. New York: Springer. Halligan, B., Geiger, J., Vallejos, A., Greene, A. and Twigger, S. (2009). Low Cost, Scalable Proteomics Data Analysis Using Amazons Cloud Computing Services and Open Source Search Algorithms.J. Proteome Res., 8(6), pp.3148-3153. Kshetri, N. (2010). Cloud Computing in Developing Economies.Computer, 43(10), pp.47-55. Marks, E. and Lozano, B. (2010).Executive's guide to cloud computing. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Molen, F. (2010).Get ready for cloud computing. Zaltbommel: Van Haren Publishing. Rhoton, J. (2010).Cloud computing explained. [London?]: Recursive Press. Velte, A., Velte, T. and Elsenpeter, R. (2010).Cloud computing. New York: McGraw-Hill. Williams, M. (2010).A quick start guide to cloud computing. London: Kogan Page.

Workforce Diversity Essays - Social Inequality, Affirmative Action

Workforce Diversity Indtroduction Workplace diversity is a worldwide concept that continues to evolve as more industries move into the global market. Most people try and hold the belief that all people are of equal stature and deserve all of the same opportunities invariant of their race, age, gender, disability, religion or sexual preference. This concept which is becoming multi-faceted is leading to changes in the American workforce, creating equal privileges and opportunities for every human being. The idea of diversity in the workplace is the business's reaction to sociological changes and pressure from social rights groups. In creating a diverse work setting their must be an atmosphere where all employees feel that they are valued by and contributing to an organization. Unfortunetly this is to ideal, and inequalities do exist within business organizations. This discrimination is due to stereotyping and preconceived ideas about a person's race, religion, gender, sexual preference, and disabilities. ?Diversity consciousness cannot be simply mandated into a system, integrated into a corporate culture, prompted by financial incentives. It is reflective of an attitude that organizations and their basic concepts about workers and converts them into us.? (Becker 1) Affirmative Action Affirmitive action and equal oppurtunity came as a political response to the societies outcry over discrimination and injustices that take place in the workplace. Page 1 Three decades ago Lyndon Johnson coined the term ?affirmative action? and since then the workplace has slowly transformed from the stereotypical white, heterosexual male to a more culturally diverse place of work. Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY Becker, Beverley. ?Managing Workplace Diversity.? http://websearch.cs.com/gateway/results/gateway-frameset.adp?hit_url=http%3a%2f%2falexia%2elis%2euiuc%2eedu%2f%7elis405%2fdiversity%2fintro%2ehtm&type=I&first=1&dfirst=1&sTerm=ethnic%20diversity%20in%20workplace&type=I&brand=GWY&uType=&gfirst=0. April 30, 1997. Marketing and Advertising

How to Use Formal and Informal Italian Subject Pronouns

How to Use Formal and Informal Italian Subject Pronouns While in English we might differ in word choice during informal and formal situations, we don’t change the forms being used.  However, Romance languages have separate forms of addressing others in formal versus informal situations. As if learning a new language wasn’t difficult enough! Learning how to use the formal and informal subject pronouns in Italian is very important. So-called social graces are key to Italian culture, and what seems like a language nuisance can determine the success of a social interaction, especially with the elderly and someone to whom you should show respect. How Many Ways You Can Say You? There are four ways of saying you in Italian: tu, voi, lei, and loro. Tu (for one person) and voi (for two or more people) are the familiar/informal forms. The Informal While it’s taught that tu is used only with family members, children, and close friends, it can also be used with people  around your age. For example, if youre around 30 and go to a bar to get a cappuccino, you can use the â€Å"tu† form with the barista who seems around your age, too. It’s likely that she’ll give you the â€Å"tu† form first anyway: Cosa prendi? – What are you having?Che cosa voui? – What do you want?Di dove sei? – Where are you from? If youre talking to a person that is younger than you tu is always the best choice. Voi is the plural form of the informal way of addressing people. Voi works for formal and informal scenarios and its the plural you: Di dove siete? – Where are you all from?Voi sapete che... – You all know that... The Formal In more formal situations like at a bank, the doctors office, a work meeting, or talking to an elder, the lei form is always best. Use lei (for one person, male or female) and its plural voi in more formal situations to address strangers, acquaintances, older people, or people in authority: Lei à ¨ di dove? – Where are you from?Da dove viene lei? – Where do you come from?Voi siete degli studenti. – You are students. You’ll often see Lei capitalized to distinguish it from lei (she) when there might be room for confusion. TIP: If you’re really not sure and you want to avoid choosing between â€Å"lei† or â€Å"tu† entirely, you can always use the generic altrettanto to mean likewise in place of anche a lei/ anche a te. Also, unless you’re talking to royalty, you don’t have to use the formal loro like most textbooks teach. It Can Be Confusing Finally, it’s tough to figure out when you should use the tu or when you should use the lei form, so if you get it wrong at first, don’t worry. Italians know that you’re learning a new language and that it can be difficult, so do your best. When In Doubt, Ask You can always ask when you are unsure about how to address a person. If, for example, you feel youre close in age or there is no relationship that might call for a respectful lei, go ahead and ask: Possiamo darci del tu? – May we switch to the tu form? In response, someone can say: Sà ¬, certo. –Yes, certainly. If you want to tell someone to use the tu with you, you can say: Dammi del tu. – Use the the tu form with me.

Personnel procedures and the constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personnel procedures and the constitution - Essay Example Whereas before an entire crop of new positions had come upon each time that a new executive took the helm, such a provision ensured that it would be against the law for such an action to continue to take place. However, like many political actions, there were equal and opposite reactions. One of the largest negative reactions that the Pendleton Act evoked was the reliance of government on funds from the private sector and/or businesses. Due to the fact that hopeful executives could not longer rely on donations from hopeful applicants to guaranteed positions, this meant that the government put itself at the mercy of the business sector as a means of accruing revenue. Article Seven of the United States constitution specified how many states were required to ratify the US Constitution in order for it become law. As such, Article VII denotes that 9 of the 13 original colonies would need to ratify the Constitution prior to it becoming the founding charter and law of the newly formed United States. The first ten amendments to the US Constitution, collectively known as the Bill of Rights provides a rigid set of limitations on governmental power with regards to what the founders saw as the natural rights of the citizen. Though these Bill of Rights had little bearing on the way in which the individual states sought to exert their own power, the Fourteenth Amendment made it possible for these rights to be transferred explicitly to the state level. These first ten amendments were originally proposed and written by James Madison in 1789 and were ultimately ratified by 1791 for inclusion in the US Constitution. Although Madison himself proposed that there be 12 amendments, only 10 were ultimately passed and ratified by the states as law. These rights have become fundamental to an interpretation and understanding of what US

International finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International finance - Essay Example This traditional system increased the necessity for the bankers to carefully evaluate the creditworthiness of debtors. However, as the years passed, a huge change was observed in the entire system of raising and borrowing funds. Under the new system it was observed that brokers started raising funds and lent it to the borrowers instead of the bankers. This particular process was termed as â€Å"originate and distribute model† wherein the brokers were paid depending upon the number of mortgages they sold to the borrowers. This in turn played a huge role in causing the financial crisis, as the brokers were not concerned whether the borrowers defaulted from the mortgage owing to limited liability in the transaction; instead they were only concerned about selling more number of mortgages. Consequently, the economies of numerous Asian and European nations were adversely affected by the US securitization system. For instance, there was a 4% fall in the GDP of Japan in the year 2009 wherein there was heavy decline in the overall industrial production of the nation due to which, its economy suffered largely. Thus, it was considered that one of the major causes for the financial crisis was due to the change in the U.S. mortgage industry (Allen and Carletti, 1-43). Global imbalances and the advent of the US housing bubble were also considered as a cause for the financial crisis being faced by the economy of various nations. It was believed that global imbalances resulted in bursting the US housing bubble, due to which, the global financial crisis occurred. Correspondingly, it is argued that the global imbalances was a result of economic policies framed in the East Asian regions, export-led development strategy, undervaluation of the exchange rate in China and accrual of global reserves that was driven by self-insurance purposes. Export-led development strategy was also considered as a cause due to the

The Needs For Sustainable Crop Production Methods Environmental Sciences Essay

The Needs For Sustainable Crop Production Methods Environmental Sciences Essay With the world population projected to be 9 billion by 2050 and doubling of the global food demand there is need for increased food production to feed the increasing mouths. In a bid to increase sustainable arable crop productivity three important tasks need to be done: (1) increasing crop yield per unit of land area, (2) increasing crop yield per unit of nutrients applied and (3) increasing crop yield per unit of water used. However, sustaining continuous arable crop productivity for future generations without compromising environmental integrity and public heath still remains uncertain due to fundamental shifts in politics, policies and incentives, institutions and technological advances (Tilman et al., 2002). 1.1 Sustainable arable crop production Sustainable agriculture is defined as practices that meet societal needs for food and fibre, ecosystem services for healthy lives by maximizing the net benefits to society when all costs and benefits of the practices are considered for both the present and future generations (Tilman et al., 2002; Bjà ¶rklund et al., 2009). Sustainable arable crop production can be achieved by using ecologically sound management technologies to achieve long-term sustainable yields. It requires production economics aspects as well as considering vital issues of ecological stability and sustainability through restoration of agricultural diversity and landscape (Altieri, 1995). Sustainable arable crop production should aim at meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their needs (Chizari and Ommani, 2009). In my own opinion, sustainable arable crop production involves the management, use and conservation of productive resources in a manner that ensures continuous provision for all needs of the present and future generation. 1.2 Types of agriculture Agricultural types influence the level of food production and impact on environmental sustainability. They are largely influenced by culture, soil type; international, regional or individual government polices as well as advances in science and technology. A wide range of agricultural practices are exercised under the different agricultural types. These include: use of agro-chemicals like synthetic fertilizer, herbicides, fungicides and nematicides, irrigation and use of genetically modified varieties. Organic agriculture Organic (biological or biodynamic) farming is an agricultural production system which seeks to avoid the direct and routine use of synthetically compounded chemicals like fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, nematicides, growth regulators and all biocides in order to minimise environmental degradation at both micro and macro levels (Lampkin, 2002; Altieri, 1995; Hole et al., 2005; Ammann, 2008). The tools for organic farming include; crop rotation, tillage, time of sowing, varietal resistance and diversification and biological control. Organic farming is currently practiced in more than 150 countries and occupies 35 million ha of agricultural land globally (IFOAM, 2009). Conservational agriculture Conservational agriculture is an integrated approach to crop management which minimises soil cultivation and utilises agrochemicals in a manner to reduce disruption of natural biological processes. Its key features include: minimum mechanical soil disturbance, permanent soil cover and diversified crop rotations. Conservational agriculture has been advocated for by the FAO in developing countries like Brazil, Burkina Faso and India and has reaped significant benefits like increased crop and livestock productivity and biodiversity conservation (http://www.fao.org/ag/ca/) The agricultural practices under organic and conservational agriculture have been reported to significantly reduce the use of agrochemicals and tillage operations since they rely more on rotations, use of farmyard manure and crop residues to optimize productivity. This has resulted into a reduction in the emission of GHGs like CO2 and N2O (Chizari and Ommani, 2009; Brookes and Barfoot, 2008). Conventional agriculture In conventional farming, farmers can use agrochemicals like synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, nematicides in their farming operations extensively without any restrictions (Altieri, 1995). Conventional farming heavily relies on the application of a range of modern management systems and external inputs to achieve high yields (Hole et al., 2005). The efficient use of nutrients by hybrid varieties achieved through precision agriculture practiced under large-scale intensive farming results into high yields compared to organic farming (Tilman et al., 2002) Agroforestry Agroforestry denotes a sustainable land and crop management system; that strives to increase yields by combining production of woody forestry crops with arable crops and or animals simultaneously or sequentially on the same unit of land. It incorporates four main characteristics and these include: structure, sustainability, increased productivity and socioeconomic. Structurally agroforestry systems are grouped as: agrisilviculture, silvo-pastoral, agro-silvo-pastoral and multipurpose forest tree production (Farrell and Altieri, 1995). Polyculture cropping system Polyculture involves the growing of crops in mixtures or intercrops; annual crops with annuals, annuals with perennials or perennials with perennials grown in a spatial and temporal manner (Liebman, 1995). However, mixed agriculture is inhibited by the land tenure system and design of farm machinery. 1.3 Impact of agricultural types on sustainable arable crop production Organic farming Sustainable arable crop productivity requires proper management of soil fertility and biodiversity conservation. The productivity of or ­ganically grown food has increased annually by 15 percent with a global market worth US$50 billion per year mainly in developed countries. Organic farming has well established practices that simultaneously mitigate climate change, build resilient farming systems, soil structure and fertility and increase biodiversity which builds resistance to storms and increased pest and disease pressure (IFOAM, 2009). Organic farming is reported to increase species richness with an average of 30% higher than conventional farming systems. However, other studies have indicated a 16% negative effect on species diversity due to organic farming. Literature shows that some organisms are more abundant in an organic farming system for instance; weeds, predators like carabid, beetles and spiders. In addition, non-predatory species were more abundant under the convention al farming system thus natural enemies are negatively affected by conventional management. Organic farming practices are believed to be more environmental friendly than intensive agriculture which is dependent on the routine use of herbicides, pesticides and inorganic nutrient applications in the production of crops and animals (Bengtsson et al., 2005). However, practicing organic farming requires careful planning, management and decision making in order to establish a viable system and maintain farm income. The rotational design, crop types and varieties and timely soil management are important in maximising crop productivity in organic farming (HGCA, 2008). Below are some principle agronomic practices used in organic farming! Push and pull approach The push and pull technology has significantly resulted into increased arable productivity in many parts of the world. In East Africa (EA), the technology has been exploited to maintain soil fertility, control pests and parasitic weed; Striga. Lepidopteran stem borers like: Chilo partellus, Eldana saccharina, Busseola fusca and Sesamia calamistis cause 50% yield losses to maize, sorghum and sugarcane. This technology integrated with other crop management approaches has contributed to the sustainable production of maize in EA by increasing farmers yields from 1 t/ha to 3.5t/ha with minimal inputs and currently used by 25,000 small holder farmers. The technology involves intercropping maize with a repellent plant (Desmodium) and planting an attractive trap plant (Napier grass) as a border crop around the intercrop. Gravid stem borer females are repelled from the target crop by stimuli and simultaneously attracted to the trap crop, leaving the target crop protected. Desmodium produces some root exudates which stimulate the germination of Striga seeds and others inhibit their growth after germination. This combination provides a novel means of in situ reduction of the Striga seed bank. Desmodium also acts perennial cover crop and able to exert its Striga control effect and together with Napier grass protect fragile soils from erosion. Desmoduim fixes nitrogen, conserves soil moisture, enhances arthropod abundance and diversity and improves soil organic matter thereby enabling cereal cropping systems to be more resilient and adaptable to climate change while providing essential ecosystem services and making farming systems more r obust and sustainable (Cook et al., 2007). Table 1: Push and pull strategies used in arable crop production Target insect Protected source Country Push Pull Population regulation used Cotton bollworm Cotton Australia Oviposition deterrent: neem Trap crop: maize with sugar bait Insecticides, pyrethroides Pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus) Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) UK Non-hostile repellents: lavender Trap crop: turnip rape InsectidesBiopesticide: (Metarhizium anipsoliae) Adopted from (Cook et al., 2007) Biological control Biological control involves the use of parasites, predators or pathogens to maintain another organisms population at a lower average than would occur in a naturally in their absence. The aim is to reduce and achieve long term stabilization of weeds and pests. The technique has been utilised to control the Japanese knotweed, Fallopia japonica using Aphalara itadori (http://www.cabi.org/japaneseknotweedallaiance/). Most biological control studies have been largely successful on a small scale and have reduced the reliance on pesticides, insecticides and herbicides thus conserving biodiversity. Despite of its potential for biodiversity conservation, organic farming has been reported to have limited output and productivity. This could be attributed to the limited use of synthetic fertilizers which results into unavailability of important soil nutrients, increased perennial weeds, pests and diseases. As a result, the organic fields are abandoned in the long run or farmers adopt conventional farming practices. All the different types of agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations and the environment (Ammann, 2008). 2.0 SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES Scientific advances have significantly contributed to the sustainable production of arable crops to feed the increasing global population. These range from the discovery of the DNA structure and genetics by Craig and Watson and Gregor Mendel respectively to high throughput genomics-based approaches. They have been exploited by plant breeders to generate genetic diversity among crop species by crossing varieties with desired characteristics, use of mutations; chemical mutagens like gamma, x- and ÃŽÂ ²-rays. Other scientific advances that have contributed to sustainable arable crop production include; discovery of agrochemicals like fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, insecticides, fungicides and nematicides; agricultural machinery and equipments like; tractors, planters, harvesters, ploughs, sprayers and irrigation equipments which facilitate precision agriculture. 2.1 Impact of scientific advances on sustainable arable crop productivity Many factors impact on arable crop productivity and these include: land, climate change, production economics, legislation, breeding, labour and management and agronomic practices. Scientific advances in plant breeding are reported to have a significant impact on sustainable arable crop productivity (Tong et al., 2003). Plant breeding Conventional breeding Advances through conventional breeding and genetic transformation have provided genetic change to crops like wheat, rice, maize, cotton, soybean resulting into sustainable increased yields. These approaches have been used to exploit heterosis and feed the increasing world population; circumnavigate the effects of climate change by producing drought tolerant and disease and pest resistant varieties. For instance, the production of new rice for Africa (NERICA) a cross between Oryza sativa indigenous to India and West African native Oryza glaberrima through inter-specific hybridization. The drought and weed resistant variety is widely adopted and cultivated under the rainfed systems in SSA (Dingkuhna et al., 1999). Its cultivation has resulted into a reduction in paddy rice growing which emits GHGs: N2O and CH4 thus mitigating the adverse effects of global warming through destruction of the Ozone layer. In addition, world wheat production increased significantly due to the adoption of h ybrid dwarf wheat varieties and use of agro chemicals. The hybrids have a short stature, resistant to lodging and early maturing (Peng et al., 1999). In the UK wheat yields were reported to be increasing with an average of 110kgha-1 annually though further increase in sustainable wheat productivity can be achieved through by breeding resource use efficient varieties (Austin, 1999). Genetic Transformation Globally, transgenic crops are cultivated in 23 countries and occupy 114.3 million ha of land with an average increase of more than 12% annually. The number of transgenic crop traits and hectares planted are predicted to double by 2015. The use of rDNA technology in plant breeding has resulted into sustainable arable crop production through biodiversity conservation. This has been achieved by reducing pesticides and herbicides use and adoption of reduced tillage practices (Craig et al., 2008; Bitista and Oliveira, 2009; Hillocks, 2009). The development of insect resistant transgenic cultivars like Bt cotton transformed with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene which controls the production and expression an endotoxin within the plant to control Lepidopteran tobacco budworm, cotton bollworm and pink bollworm pests does not require pesticides. Bacillus thuringiensis has been used as an organic pesticide for decades and poses no threat to biodiversity which makes crops transformed with the Bt gene acceptable on the organic market and have an adoption rate of over 66% and 85% in China and South Africa respectively (Hillocks, 2009). Despite of its potential in ensuring sustainable arable crop production; GM technology has been criticised by anti GM activists as a threat to biodiversity. Concerns of horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance markers (ARMs), allergenicity and toxicity of the new GM food products have been reported as possible threats to biodiversity (Craig et al., 2008; Bitista and Oliveira, 2009). The use of insect and herbicide resistant varieties has resulted into emergence of new pests and herbicides resistant weeds due to selection pressure which results into secondary pests becoming major pests. GMOs contain ARM genes which are used in the selection process during transformation. The ARM commonly used is Neomycin phosphotranferase II (nptII) which inactivates the aminoglycoside antibiotics neomycin and kanamycin. There is concern that ARMs when introduced into food or the environment could drive the evolution of drug-resistant bacteria by functioning as sources of antibiotic resistance (Craig et al., 2008). Several transgenic plants constructed to be resistant to herbicides, insecticides or diseases are transformed with genetic material containing genes coding for compounds like antimicrobial agents. These could affect non target microbiota such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi and other beneficial soil microorganisms. For instance; a reduction in the colonisation potential of mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae has been attributed to the production of anti-fungal pathogenesis-related proteins from a transgenic tobacco plant containing ÃŽÂ ²-1, 3-glucanase (Araujo and Azevedo, 2003). Using insect resistant transgenic canola increases fitness in oilseed rape varieties expressing the Bt gene. However, pollen flow between canola cultivars with different herbicide resistance traits resulted into gene stacking causing genetic contamination of seed. In addition, gene flow can lead to development volunteer oil seed rape with multiple tolerance to several herbicides due pollination between adjacent crops (Natarajan and Turna, 2007). Controlling these super weeds requires toxic herbicides like 2, 4-D and paraquat which are hazardous to man and the environment. Agrochemicals The use of agrochemicals like inorganic fertilizers (NPK) during crop production has increased world crop productivity and reduced the rate of encroachment on natural ecosystem like forests and virgin land (Tilman et al., 2002). The increased use of fertilizers has been a major contributing factor to the increase in yield growth in developing countries since the Green Revolution. In addition, globally fertilizer use has plateaued due to a decline in its use in industrial countries and Soviet Union countries after joining the market economy (Fischer et al., 2009). In China increase in cereal production has been attributed to introduction of agrochemicals; yields increased from 1.21 t/ha in 1961 to 4.83 t/ha in 1998 (Tong et al., 2003). It is presumed that the historical decline in crop yields is due to the genetic ceiling for maximal yield potential being reached. Figure 1: Long-term trends of wheat yields in selected countries (Fischer et al., 2009) Despite their potential increased use of agrochemicals has resulted into environmental pollution, eutrophication of water bodies and global warming due to its emission of GHGs and stratospheric ozone depletion (Tong et al., 2003). Environmental pollution is due to nitrate leaching into ground water causing nitrate toxicity due to elevated nitrate levels in drinking water; chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released from fertilizers applied as aerosols. Eutrophication results into death of aquatic fauna and flora hence threatening biodiversity. Technology Advances in scientific technology like agricultural engineering and development of modern farm equipments and machinery has boosted the agricultural sector and is one of the factors that will ensure sustainable arable crop productivity. The growth of irrigated area has expanded steadily over the last decade at 0.6 percent annually in developing countries and irrigation technology accounts for 0.2 percent in overall cereal yields from 1991-2007 (Fischer et al., 2009). Irrigation equipments like sprinklers have significantly contributed to the continued cultivation of arable crops throughout the year and under drought conditions. Farm machinery like combine harvesters, sprayer, planters, ploughs among others have helped in the efficient management of farm operations. However, the use of fuels by farm machinery during farm operations has been cited as a source of GHG, CO2 leading to an increase in atmospheric CO2 levels (Brookes and Barfoot, 2008). 2.2 Impact of science and policies on sustainable crop production The government land laws and policies, product prices and social economic factors like population migration, urbanization and world trade play a significant role in ensuring sustainable arable crop production. Figure 2: Shows area planted with cereals in China between 1961 and 1998 under principal government agricultural policies (Tong et al., 2003) Organic farming is viewed as a solution to biodiversity conservation and has received substantial support in form of subsidy payments through EU and national government legislation. As a result the certified organic and in-conversion area within the EU increased from 0.7 to 3.3 million ha from 1993 to1999 accounting for 24.1% of global organic land area (Hole et al., 2005). In 2007, 3% of the total UK land area is managed organically (HGCA, 2008). This direct support and intervention through fixation of ceiling and floor prices protects farmers from exploitation at both the domestic and international market hence producing more crops under organic farming whilst conserving the environment. However, enacting of the healthy check on CAP will remove restriction on farmers thus helping them to respond to new market signals, opportunities and challenges (http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/healthcheck/index_en.htm). In SSA the cultivation of GM crops has been hindered due to lack of a biosafety legislation supporting the biotechnology policy that can allow them acquire GM crops from the biotechnology companies that hold the intellectual property rights (Hillocks, 2009). CONCLUSION To ensure sustainable arable crop productivity; agronomic, breeding and institutional or infrastructural factors like increased investment into research and development of appropriate tool and technologies need to be considered.

The Loss of the Unicorns Horn in The Glass Menagerie :: Tennessee Williams

Topic: Discuss the significance of the breaking of the unicorn's horn. Why does Laura give Jim the broken unicorn as a souvenir? "The Glass Menagerie" by Tennessee Williams is a play which is believed to be part of his real life. As the image of Williams's sister Rose, who is interested in glass animals, Laura also has a glass collection. In the play, the glass menagerie itself is pregnant with significance and symbolism. The breaking of the glass unicorn's horn, Laura's favorite one, symbolizes the shattering of her illusions in life. Laura's personality is characterized by her own collection of glass animals, especially the unicorn. Glass animals are fragile and beautiful and so is she: innocent and vulnerable. Laura is remote from real life, she finds it hard to cope with the world outside the Wingfields? tiny apartment. She is confined in the fantasy world of her glass ornaments: she spends time playing with them and taking care of them. In fact, it is the glass menagerie which she ?takes more interest in than anything else?, and Laura?s favorite one ? the unicorn, is the best reflection of her. The unicorn is different from other ones because it has a horn, it is beautiful and precious in its own unique way. Laura is also pretty ?in a very different way... And all the nicer because of the difference?. This suggests that Laura has unearthly beauty which is hidden by her limp and shyness. However, as Jim points out, unicorns are ?extinct in the modern world? and, therefore, ?must feel sort of lonesome? just a s Laura?s inferiority complex have kept her away from human contacts. Then a big change has happened to Laura and it can be seen through her reaction upon the loss of the unicorn?s horn. When Jim dances with Laura, he hits on the table, dropping the unicorn to the floor and its horn breaks off. Contrary to what might be expected, Laura does not yell or cry out ?as if wounded? like she did when Tom unintentionally broke her glass animal before. She calmly picks it up and reassures Jim that it is alright and ?maybe it?s a blessing in disguise?. She even makes a joke upon the hornless unicorn, ?I?ll just imagine he had an operation. The horn was removed to make him feel less?freakish!?. Now the unicorn is just as normal as the other horses, which symbolizes that Laura becomes more realistic as she begins to accept the truth and learns to face the world.

Many researches Essay

Many researches have been conducted with regards to the effect of a particular plant or animal in the environment. These organisms are also called invasive species and are considered as one major factor of ecological imbalance and the increased deterioration of the balance in natural resources. This variety of animals poses harm on other species which can lead to a gradual decrease in population and even extinction if the problem will not be addressed properly. As a response by scientists specializing in the field of biology and ecosystem, they have made in-depth studies to be able to come up with the possible solution for the problem. One clear example of this situation is the effect of a particular freshwater fish known as the black bullhead and its adverse effect in the biodiversity and ecological harmony in European freshwaters. Having a scientific name Ameiurus melas, this fish was not native in Europe but from North America. Previous studies were conducted and claimed considered the increase in population of this fish specie as an imminent threat against the local fish species in the said region. Moreover, further proliferation of this non-local fish can lead to imbalance in the ecological harmony among preys and local predators that can be found in European waters. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of black bullhead to the predatory performance of the local predator pike with a scientific name Esox Lucius L. The study was made in the year 2006 where the researchers set up individual containers with different experimental treatments. The study was made during the autumn season where the researchers chose equal weights and sizes of black bullheads and pikes. They prepared containers containing equal amounts of water and other parameters needed in setting up an artificial ecosystem. The researchers then acquired enough amounts of roach for each basin which is the prey of both the black bullhead and the pike and systematically treated each container. One container was placed with roach but no predators while another container was filled with the roach and black bullhead only. Another container was filled with roach and pike only and another basin was filled with the prey and both predators. Turbidity was also varied in each container, one with low and another basin with high turbidity. Afterwards, careful and thorough observations were made concerning the entire experimental set up. With the use of statistical and mathematical tools in analyzing the results of the experiments, the researchers prepared and came up with the result of the study. One of the results of the study is that the prey consumption on the containers with pike alone and both bullhead and pike has little discrepancies. This result suggests that pike’s consumption was less when mixed with bullhead compared when there is only pike in the area. Many factors were accounted with regards to the research output like the direct struggle between the two distinct predators and even behavioral intrusions of the bullhead on the pike predator. Another research finding is that turbidity has no significant effect on the efficiency of the pike, disproving the claims that water transparency has a major effect on the performance of the local predators. The study was conducted with finesse and used appropriate mathematical tools in interpreting data. However, more researches should still follow in a large-scale setting and in a natural habitat location to be able to come up with a more reliable research output. Though the research presented good and unbiased results, further study should pursue in the same objective to be able to support the claims of the study made with more research parameters to consider. References Kreutzenberger, K. , Leprieur, F. & Brosse, S. †The Influence of the invasive black bullhead Ameiurus melas on the predatory efficiency of pike Esox Lucius L. † Journal of Fish Biology (2008) 73, 196–205. Retrieved on April 22, 2009. Retrieved from http://fabienlep. free. fr/leprieur/Leprieur_JFishBiol_2008. pdf

Human Resource Theories and Concepts - 1609 Words

MGW 2430 The purpose of this essay is to analyse and explain, using Human resources models, concepts and assumptions, how and why people are of value to organisations and how and why it is assumed that HRM/SHRM can contribute to company success through valuing and managing its employees. According to Legge (2009 pg77), human resource management is defined as the strategic and approach to the management of an organizations most valued assets which is the people or the staff members. There is a traditional definition or way of human resource management and a strategic way of human resource management. Traditional Human resources management is all about policies, systems and everyday practices that influence the employee’s attitudes,†¦show more content†¦It includes conducting job analysis, planning personnel needs, and recruitment, selecting the right people for the job, orienting and training, determining and managing wages and salaries, providing benefits and incentives, appraising performance, resolving disputes, communicating with all employees at all levels. Although this model sound reasonable, it is sometimes very difficult to use it as mostly a manger is responsible for the needs and welfare of a whole organisational workforce. This can make th e manager responsible for the human resource management not to pick up some issues that are of concern to the employees. Olympus is Japanese company that manufacturers cameras and electronic equipments. They adopted the personnel management model of HR and this was not used correctly thus leading to almost closure of the company and with a series of frauds and scandals leaked by the staff. The Olympus CEO, two weeks after he was hired as Chief executive Officer, found out that the company had murky accounting practices and suspicious acquisitions. A third party report into the scandal in December said Olympus had been left vulnerable by its reliance on a â€Å"one-man† leadership system and executives remaining in post unchecked for lengthy periods of time (Axelrod et al 2009). 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